1. Miêu tả sự thay đổi
Từ vựng:
| Xu hướng (Trend) | Động từ (Verb) | Danh từ (Noun) |
| Xu hướng tăng | – increase – rise – grow – go up – climb |
– increase – rise – growth – upward trend |
| Xu hướng tăng mạnh | – rocket – soar – leap – jump |
– rocket – soar – leap – jump |
| Xu hướng giảm | – decrease – fall/fall down – go down – reduce – decline – drop |
– decrease – fall – downward trend – reduction – decline – drop |
| Xu hướng giảm mạnh | – plunge – slump – dive – plummet – dip |
– plunge – slump – dive – plummet – dip |
| Xu hướng tăng giảm
bất thường |
– fluctuate
– oscillate |
– fluctuation – variation |
| Xu hướng ổn định | – remain/stay stable – remain/stay unchanged – stabilize – to be unchanged |
– stabilty |
| Đạt mức cao nhất | – reach a peak – reach/hit the highest point |
|
| Đạt mức thấp nhất | – reach/hit the lowest point – fall to a low – reach a bottom |
Các từ vựng tả mức độ thay đổi
Thay đổi rất lớn – Great change / Huge difference:
– Adjectives Adverbs
– Overwhelming Overwhelmingly
– Substantial Substantially
– Enormous Enormously
Thay đổi lớn – Big change / Big difference:
– Adjectives Adverbs
– Significant Significantly
– Considerable Considerably
Thay đổi trung bình – Medium change / Moderate difference:
– Adjectives Adverbs
– Somewhat Somewhat
– Moderate Moderately
Thay đổi nhỏ – Minor change / Small difference:
– Adjectives Adverbs
– Fractional Fractionally
– Marginal Marginally
– Slight Slightly
2. Từ vựng miêu tả tốc độ thay đổi
| Tính từ | Trạng từ | Nghĩa |
| dramatic | dramatically |
Thay đổi nhiều, đáng kể, nhanh và rõ ràng |
| sharp | sharply | |
| enormous | enormously | |
| substantial | substantially | |
| considerable | considerably | |
| significant | significantly | |
| rapid | rapidly | |
| tremendous | tremendously | |
| remarkable | remarkably | |
| noticeable | noticeably | |
| moderate | moderately | Thay đổi bình thường,
ổn định |
| constant | constantly | |
| progressive | progressively | |
| slight | slightly |
Thay đổi ít, không đáng kể |
| marginal | marginally | |
| minimal | minimally | |
| steady | steadily | |
| slow | slowly | |
| gradual | gradually |
Ví dụ:
– The price of oil increased rapidly during the period
– The sale witnessed a remarkable turnaround
– There was a tremendous decline in the price, followed by a sudden plunge
Các từ vựng và ví dụ để tả sự tăng giảm, biến động
BIẾN ĐỘNG MẠNH – FLUCTUATION
VERB
wave / fluctuate / oscillate / vacillate / palpitate
NOUN
waves / fluctuations / oscillations / vacillations / palpitations
Example:
1. The price of the goods fluctuated during the first three months of 2017.
2. The graph shows the oscillations of the price from 1998 to 2002.
3. The passenger number in this station oscillates throughout the day and in the early morning and evening, it remains busy.
4. The changes in car production in Japan shows a palpitation for the second quarter of the year.
5. The number of students in debate clubs fluctuated in different months of the year and rapid ups and downs could be observed in the last three months of this year.
Bài tập: Nối mô tả phù hợp với xu hướng
| AB | Increase slightly |
| BC | Reach a peak |
| CD | Remain stable |
| DE | Fluctuate |
| EF | Rise dramatically |
| FG | Hit the lowest point |
| H | Fall steadily |
| I | Reduce substantially |
Đáp án:
AB: Remain stable EF: Rise dramatically
BC: Fluctuate FG: Fall steadily
CD: Reduce substantially H: Reach a peak
DE: Increase slightly I: Hit the lowest point
3. Sử dụng giới từ trong bài Writing task 1
– To: Miêu tả sự thay đổi đến mức nào. Ví dụ: In 2010, the unemployment rate increased to 5%
– By: Miêu tả sự thay đổi trong một khoảng cụ thể. Ví dụ: In 2018, the rate of school enrolment in Viet Duc Primary School fell by 2% (from 15% to 13%)
– With: Miêu tả phần trăm, số lương. Ví dụ: He won the election with 53% of the vote
– At: Cung cấp con số cụ thể. Ví dụ: The unemployment rate hit its highest point, at 10%
4. Dạng bài tỉ lệ, %
Các từ chia tỉ lệ thông dụng:
10% – one in ten
25% – a quarter
20% – a fifth
30% – nearly a third
33% – a third
51% – more than a half
75% – three quarters
97% – a majority
Đối với dạng bài tỉ lệ, phần trăm, việc sử dụng đa dạng từ vựng thay vì lặp đi lặp lại về số liệu sẽ giúp bài viết của bạn được đánh giá cao hơn. Bạn có thể tham khảo cách viết như bảng dưới:
5% – a small fraction
10% – a tenth, one in ten
15% – less than a fifth
20% – a fifth
25% – a quarter
30% – nearly a third
33% – a third, one-third
50% – a half
65% – nearly two-thirds
75% – three quarters
Trong trường hợp tỉ lệ phần trăm là số lẻ, các bạn có thể sử dụng các từ như Nearly, Almost, Around (Gần như) hay Over, More than (Quá) để miêu tả.
Ví dụ:
• 32% – Nearly a third
• 49% – Almost a half
• 68% – Over two-thirds
9% A small fraction
35% Just over/More than a third
76% More than/Over three quarters
Để miêu tả các số liệu liên quan đến phần trăm và tỉ lệ, các bạn có thể sử dụng các động từ như:
account for = make up = consist of = comprise + … %
Ví dụ: The number of 1st grade students accounts for 15% of the total students at Thang Long Primary School.
Một số ví dụ về cách dùng từ vựng tả tỉ lệ phần trăm, theo dạng số, chữ, kí hiệu.
Percentages: a 10% increase, a 25 percent decrease,, increased by 15%, dropped by 10 per cent, fall at 50%, reached to 75%, tripled, doubled, one-fourth, three-quarters, half, double fold, treble, 5 times higher, 3 timers lower, declined to about 49%, stood exactly at 43%.
Fractions:
4% = A tiny fraction.
24% = Almost a quarter.
25% Exactly a quarter.
26% = Roughly one quarter.
32% Nearly one-third, nearly a third.
49% = Around a half, just under a half.
50% = Exactly a half.
51% = Just over a half.
73% = Nearly three quarters.
77% = Approximately three quarter, more than three-quarter.
79% = Well over three quarters.
Proportions:
2% = A tiny portion, a very small proportion.
4% = An insignificant minority, an insignificant proportion.
16% = A small minority, a small portion.
70% = A large proportion.
72% = A significant majority, A significant proportion.89% = A very large proportion.
89% = A very large proportion.
Các từ vựng tả thời gian
DATES, MONTHS & YEARS RELATED VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR:
» From 1990 to 2000, Commencing from 1980, Between 1995 and 2005, After 2012.
» By 1995, In 1998, In February, Over the period, During the period, During 2011.
» In the first half of the year, For the first quarter, The last quarter of the year, During the first decade.
» In the 80s, In the 1980s, During the next 6 months, In the mid-70s, Next 10 years, Previous year, Next year, Between 1980 – 1990.
» Within a time span of ten years, within five years.
» Next month, Next quarter, Next year, Previous month, Previous year.
» Since, Then, From.
5. Practice